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伦理意见259

涉及遗产的陈述中的冲突问题

根据哥伦比亚特区的实体法, a lawyer retained by a personal representative or 枕 for a representation in connection with a decedent’s or ward’s estate represents the personal representative or 枕 rather than the estate. 澳门赌场官网可能不会, 因此, 未经代理人或者管理人同意,提起不利于代理人或者管理人的诉讼.

适用的规则

  • 规则1.(利益冲突:一般规则)
  • 规则1 .9(利益冲突:前客户)

调查

询问的澳门赌场官网提出了一个关于她代表一个无行为能力人的遗产的问题. 法院指定X、Y和Z为保管人1 A的遗产. 除了作为a的遗产保管人之外, X亦为以a名义成立的信托的两名受托人之一. 信托的受益人之一是A的遗产.

两位受托人最初聘请询问者对信托进行审计, 用信托基金支付她的费用. 审计结束时, 询问者会见了受托人, 以及A的财产保管人, 讨论审核中发现的问题. 在托拉斯的询问者的工作完成之后, 管理人请她担任A的遗产顾问,2 她接受了. 在法庭批准的情况下,询问者的费用由遗产保管人从遗产中支付.

大约在询问者开始就遗产进行代理三年之后, Y和Z(三个共同保管人中的两个)请她调查这个问题,包括X在内的两个信托受托人的费用, A的财产的另一个保管人——是过分的. 的 inquirer prepared an opinion letter as to the propriety of the trustees’ fees 和 provided legal representation to Y 和 Z in their effort to remove X as a 枕. 法院随后撤销了X的保管人身份. 询问者提出的问题, 在球场的方向, is whether her continuing representation of the estate represents an impermissible conflict of interest because she had previously taken a position that is adverse to X.

讨论

对询问者提出的直接问题的回答是, 在去除X作为共同保护者之后, 根据规则1,她对遗产的代表或其余保管人不存在利益冲突.7或规则1.9. 根据哥伦比亚特区的法律, 如下所述, 询问者与X有澳门赌场官网-客户关系. 因此,规则1.9禁止她, 不同意, 即日起,在同一事项上采取不利于X的立场,或在实质上与她曾代表X处理的事项有关的事项上采取不利于X的立场.3 当我们接受事实时, 虽然, X不再是遗产保管人, 因此,询问者不再参与任何不利于X的行动. 相应的, 询问者目前对A的遗产的代表或剩余的保管人不存在利益冲突.

调查确实如此, 然而, lead us to address a second question of greater significance to the trusts 和 estates bar: whether a conflict of interest existed when the inquirer took a position adverse to X at a time when X was still a co-枕 of A’s estate. 回答这个问题的关键问题是客户的身份.

的 inquirer believed that it was permissible for her to take action adverse to X while X was still a 枕 because the inquirer’s client was the estate 和 不是管理员. 她的立场的前提是,在涉及遗产的事项中是否存在冲突应根据规则1进行分析.13(机构作为客户). 正如一家公司只有在其成员(e.g., 总裁或总法律顾问)采取措施这样做, 遗产不能聘请澳门赌场官网,除非通过其组成部分——在这种情况下是保管人. 尽管X和其他管理员雇佣了她,并与她互动, 询问者认为,由于她被聘请为遗产的代表,而她的费用是从遗产中支付的, 地产公司是她的客户. 事实上, 在密歇根州最近的一个案例中, 法院分析了遗产是否属于规则1范围内的委托人.13,并得出结论,它是. 参见施坦威v. 博尔登, 460 N.W.2d 306(密歇根州. Ct. 应用程序. 1990).

类似的, 询问者亦相信,就X代表该信托而言,她并非该信托的前客户. 虽然X当时是受托人,但询问者就该信托提供意见, 询问者把她的委托人理解为信托而不是个人受托人.

询问者所主张的立场决不是没有力量和逻辑的. 在一般情况下, “组织客户的组成部分与客户交互”这一事实并不意味着, 然而, 组织客户的组成部分是澳门赌场官网的客户.规则1.13、评论3. 尽管澳门赌场官网通过组织的成员与组织沟通, 客户就是组织, 而不是它的成分. 事实上, “[t]he principle that a lawyer represents the entity 和 not its individual shareholders or other constituents applies even when the shareholders come into conflict with the entity.意见No. 216年(1月. 15, 1991).4 Since the inquirer believed X’s actions were harmful to the estate—which she understood to be her client—she considered it appropriate to take actions adverse to X in order to benefit the estate.

询问者推理中的关键缺陷, 然而, 这是根据哥伦比亚特区的实体法吗, 以及大多数司法管辖区的法律, 代表遗产的澳门赌场官网的客户是受托人——在这种情况下是保管人——而不是遗产.5 在最近的两次场合中,民主党人.C. 上诉法院在《澳门赌场官方软件》中处理了委托人的身份问题. 在1987年的一项判决中,涉及向澳门赌场官网赔偿死者遗产的问题, 法院声明:

《澳门赌场官网》的一般目的, 然而, 支持下述主张,即委员会力求提高这些程序的效率,增加, 至少在没有争议的问题上是这样, 个人代表的权力, 这 遗产澳门赌场官网被视为个人代表的雇员.

坡v. 高贵的, 525 A.2d 190, 193 (D.C. 1987)(加上强调). 在1993年的一个案例中, 霍普金斯v. 螺旋, 637 A.2d 424, 428 (D.C. 1993), 哪一个涉及的事实更接近我们面前的事实, the court considered the obligations of an attorney when the personal representative of a decedent’s estate is depleting the assets of the estate. 的 霍普金斯 法院依据的语言来自  quoted above to conclude that the attorney had no legal duty to the beneficiaries of the estate because the client was the personal representative of the estate 和 不是地产.

因此, 尽管询问者认为遗产是委托人的观点是合理的, that question is one of substantive law 和 this Committee has no authority to alter the result dictated by settled law in the District of Columbia. 值得注意的是, 此外, 哥伦比亚特区在这一点上的法律与大多数其他司法管辖区的法律是一致的. 看到 美国信托与遗产澳门赌场官网学院, ACTEC专业行为示范规则评注 3 (2d). (根据多数人的意见, a lawyer who represents a fiduciary generally with respect to a fiduciary estate st和s in a lawyer-client relationship with the fiduciary 和 not with respect to the fiduciary estate or the beneficiaries.”); Jeffrey N. Pennell, 涉及受托实体的陈述:谁是客户?, 62岁. 牧师. 1319, 1321(“大多数解决这个问题的权威机构(或多或少)得出的结论是,个人代表是客户 . . . .”); 看,e.g.戈德堡v. 弗莱, 266 Cal. Rptr. 483 (Ct. 应用程序. 1990); Rutkoski v. 霍利斯, 600 N.E.2d 1284. 应用程序. Ct. 1992). 虽然我们还没有找到任何D.C. 案例应用的方法  和 霍普金斯 被监护人的遗产与被继承人的遗产相比,我们看不出为什么D.C. 上诉法院会对这类遗产作出不同的裁决. 参见ACTEC评论 第133段(“受托人为残疾人聘请的澳门赌场官网, 包括监护人, 枕, 或代理人, 就受托人而言,代表澳门赌场官网与客户的关系.”).

一旦确认询问者代表遗产保管人, 而不是地产本身, it is apparent that she should not have assisted two of the 枕s—Y 和 Z—in taking actions adverse to the third 枕—X—since X was a current client of hers. 具体来说,规则1.7(b)(1) provides that a lawyer is conditionally prohibited from representing a client with respect to a matter if “a position to be taken by that client in that matter is adverse to a position taken or to be taken by another client in the same matter.“在本案中, the position of Y 和 Z was unquestionably adverse to X’s position since Y 和 Z were challenging the fees that X had been paid as a trustee. 而X不同意询问者就该问题代表Y及Z所作的陈述.

We note that commentators have struggled to find some justification for permitting a lawyer for an estate at least to be permitted—if not required—to disclose when he or she learns that the fiduciary is taking actions detrimental to the estate. 参见ACTEC评论 第34条(“在某些情况下,澳门赌场官网可能有义务采取肯定行动以保护受益人的利益. 一些法院将信托财产的受益人定性为受托人澳门赌场官网的衍生客户或次要客户.”); Pennell, 谁是客户? at 1321-22 (“many [authorities] also state that a duty – akin to a fiduciary duty—runs from the attorney directly to the beneficiaries of the fiduciary entity”). 确实,规则1.6(d)(2)(A) provides that a lawyer may use or reveal client confidences or secrets “when permitted by these rules or required by law or court order.”

在这种情况下, 虽然, 我们找不到澳门赌场官网采取不利于受托客户的行动的依据. 首先, we are not aware of any rule of law in the District of Columbia permitting a lawyer for a fiduciary to disclose client confidences because the fiduciary may have breached some legal obligation.6 除了, 即使存在这样的规则, 该规则并不意味着允许调查者就该行为采取不利于X的立场. 事实上, a recent opinion by the ABA Committee on Professional Responsibility concerning counseling of a fiduciary explains that all of the 职业行为准则 should apply in the context of estates law in the same manner that they would apply in any other situation. ABA正式Op. 94-380(1994年5月9日). 根据规则, 询问者没有理由无视禁止采取不利于其另一客户的行动的规定.

因此,我们得出结论,当Y和Z就X作为受托人的行为向询问者提出要求时, 询问者本应拒绝提供法律意见, 未经X同意, 因为X是客户. 然而, 在某种程度上,遗产和剩余的保管人不再处于对X不利的地位, 我们认为询问者继续代表保护人员没有问题.

调查没有. 95-5-16
通过:1995年10月18日

 


1. D.C. 《澳门赌场官网》将“保管人”定义为“由法院指定管理受保护个人遗产的人”.见D。.C. 代码安. § 21-2011(3).
2. 而询问者明白她是被要求代表遗产, 不是管理员, 没有正式的聘书反映出这种理解. 此外, 我们将在下面讨论, 哥伦比亚特区的法律规定,在这种情况下,当事人是保管人, 不是地产.
3. 规则1.9 provides that “A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter shall not thereafter represent another person in the same or a substantially related matter in which that person’s interests are materially adverse to the interests of the former client unless the former client consents after consultation.”
4. 先前的意见,根据前D.C. 职业责任守则, 还有一些法庭案件, have recognized that a lawyer representing an organization may take a position adverse to one of its constituents even where the lawyer has interacted with the constituent. 见意见No. 159(9月. 15, 1985); Bobbitt v. 维多利亚住宅公司., 545 F. 增刊. 1124, 1126 (N.D. 生病了. 1982); U.S. 行业,公司. v. 高盛,421 F. 增刊. 7, 11 (S.D.N.Y. 1976); Wayl和 v. 海岸龙虾 & 捕虾公司., 537 F. 增刊. 1220, 1223 (S.D.N.Y. 1982).
5. 对《澳门赌场官网》的评论,没有列入D.C. 职业行为准则, 明确考虑到客户的身份将取决于司法管辖区的基础法律. 参见模型规则1.7, 评论[13](“在遗产管理中,委托人的身份可能根据某一司法管辖区的法律而不明确. 在一个视图下, the client is the fiduciary; under another view the client is the estate or trust, 包括其受益人.”). D .文件中遗漏这一评论,我们认为没有什么意义.C. 规则.
6. 在霍普金斯, the court in describing the facts noted that after 霍普金斯 learned that the personal representative of the estate was apparently stealing money from the estate, 她向前《澳门赌场官网》和现《澳门赌场官网》披露了该代表的行动. 然而,当霍普金斯的澳门赌场官网透露了她的客户的秘密时,D.C. 《澳门赌场官网》生效了, 它允许澳门赌场官网, 未经客户同意, 揭露“他的当事人犯罪的意图和防止犯罪所必需的信息”.第4-101(c)(3)条. 当前的维.C. 规则1.6(c), 相比之下, permits such a disclosure 不同意 only to prevent a criminal act likely to result in death or substantial bodily harm or to prevent bribery or intimidation of persons involved in judicial proceedings.

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